9^th Global Chemistry Congress July 23-24, 2018 Lisbon, Portugal

Analytical Chemistry is the investigation of which substances are available (subjective examination) and what amount is available (quantitative examination) in a sample. Samples are diverse in nature and include mineral rock, plants, insecticides, water, fuel, blood and medicines. These analyses involve determining the structure and identification of elements and compounds by means of their physical and chemical properties.

Analytical chemistry has been around for whatever length of time that science has been considered in light of the fact that chemists constantly expected to figure out what compound they were noticing.

Analytical chemistry is utilized as a part of various fields. Quite a bit of this work is finished utilizing complex instruments. Scientific experts need to know how to work these instruments and how to comprehend the yield.

Modern analytical chemistry strategies depend on instrumental techniques including optical and electrical instruments. Concentration of elements can be estimate by measuring the measure of light absorbed or emitted by gas phase atoms. Correspondingly molecular concentrations are associated with the emission or absorption of light by molecules in aqueous solutions. Electrodes, similar to the glass pH electrode, quantity the electrical potential because of the nearness of particular particles in solution. At long last, chromatographic techniques isolate the parts of complex blends to estimate the concentration of each element.

Today techniques such as mass spectrometry, NMR-chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are extensively used in analytical chemistry.

Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms. It is a laboratory based science that brings together biology and chemistry. By using chemical knowledge and techniques, biochemists can understand and solve biological problems.

Biochemistry focuses on processes happening at a molecular level. It focuses on what’s happening inside our cells, studying components like proteins, lipids and organelles. It also looks at how cells communicate with each other, for example during growth or fighting illness. Biochemists need to understand how the structure of a molecule relates to its function, allowing them to predict how molecules will interact.

Biochemistry has become the foundation for understanding all biological processes. It has provided explanations for the causes of many diseases in humans, animals and plants. It can frequently suggest ways by which such diseases may be treated or cured.

Track 10: Environmental Chemistry

Environmental chemistry is a very focused branch of chemistry, containing aspects of organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and inorganic chemistry, as well as more diverse areas, such as biology, toxicology, biochemistry, public health and epidemiology. Environmental chemists work in a variety of public, private and government laboratories. One of environmental chemistry’s major challenges is the determination of the nature and quantity of specific pollutants in the environment. Thus, chemical analysis is a vital first step in environmental chemistry research.

Environmental chemistry is socially important because it deals with the environmental impact of pollutants, the reduction of contamination and management of the environment. Environmental chemist study the behaviour of pollutants and their environmental effects on the air, water and soil environments, as well as their effects on human health and the natural environment.

Forensic chemistry is a field of chemistry dedicated to the analysis of various substances that might have been used in the commission of a crime. Forensic chemistry involves organic and inorganic analysis, toxicology, and serology. Every method of analysis uses specialized techniques and instrumentation. The process may be simple by setting up a density gradient column to compare soil samples or complicated as using a mass spectrometer or neutron activation analysis to characterize an unknown substance. A wide variety of laboratory techniques and instrumentation are used in forensic studies. They include visible, ultraviolet, and infrared spectrophotometry; neutron activation analysis; gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometry; HPLC; and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The techniques and instrumentation selected depends upon the type of sample or substance to be examined.

Green chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. It is not a new branch of science. It is a new philosophical approach that through application and extension of the principles of green chemistry can contribute sustainable development. Green chemistry is essential in developing the alternatives for energy generation (hydrogen cell, fuels cells, biofuels, etc.). As well as continue the path toward energy efficiency with catalysis and product at the forefront. By the help of green chemistry the approaches towards the renewable resources can be made increasingly viable technologically and economically. There is a wide range of renewable feed stocks including trees, grasses, shrubs, marine resources wastes which is used for developing new, sustainable, low environmental impact routes to important chemical products, and biofuels. Renewable resources are used whenever possible at the end of their use, non-biodegradable materials are recycled. Using the environment technology we can conserve the natural environment and curb the negative impacts of human involvement.

If organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds and their derivatives, inorganic chemistry can be described broadly as the chemistry of "every-thing else." This includes all the remaining elements in the periodic table, as well as carbon, which plays a major role in many inorganic compounds. Organometallic chemistry, a very large and rapidly growing field, bridges both areas by considering compounds containing direct metal-carbon bonds, and includes catalysis of many organic reactions. Bioinorganic chemistry bridges biochemistry and inorganic chemistry, and environmental chemistry include the study of both inorganic and organic compounds. As can be imagined, the inorganic chemistry is extremely broad, providing essentially limitless areas for investigation.

Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry concerns synthetic and geochemical procedures working in a wide scope of study territories: the seas, the strong earth, the climate, marine life forms, polar ice sheets, lakes, shooting stars, and the close planetary system. Sea science, otherwise called marine science, is affected by turbidity streams, silt, pH levels, environmental constituents, transformative action, and biology.

The oceans are vitally important to an understanding of how the Earth works as an integrated system because its chemical composition records transfer of elements through the Earth’s geochemical reservoirs as well as defining how physical, biological and chemical processes combine to influence issues as diverse as climate change and the capacity of the oceans to remove toxic metals. Much modern marine geochemistry aims to link and integrate studies of the modern oceans with work using proxies to define how ocean chemistry and the ocean/atmospheric system has changed through time on a number of different timescales. Special focus in such work is the carbon cycle and its link to changes in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. 

Materials Chemistry largely involves the study of chemistry of condensed phases (solids, liquids, polymers) and interfaces between different phases. Because many of these materials have direct technological applications, materials chemistry has a strong link between basic science and many existing and newly-emerging technologies. While chemistry-focused, the Materials Chemistry Program also serves as a bridge between chemistry and the engineering and life sciences.

Medicinal Chemistry is an empowering field as it connections numerous logical trains and takes into account coordinated effort with different researchers in inquiring about and growing new medications.

Medicinal chemistry has evolved rapidly into a highly interdisciplinary field, enriched by the collaborative efforts of experts from a wide spectrum of specialist areas, from chemo informaticians and physical chemists to molecular biologists and pharmacologists. Medicinal chemistry is concerned with the invention, discovery, design, identification and preparation of biologically active compounds, the study of their metabolism, the interpretation of their mode of action at the molecular level and the construction of structure-activity relationships. Future Medicinal Chemistry provides a monthly point of access to commentary and debate for this ever-expanding and diversifying community.

Nano science and technology is the branch of science that studies systems and manipulates matter on atomic, molecular and supramolecular scales (the nanometre scale). On such a length scale, quantum mechanical and surface boundary effects become relevant, conferring properties on materials that are not observable on larger, macroscopic length scales.

Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular scale to create materials with remarkably varied and new properties, is a rapidly expanding area of research with huge potential to revolutionize our lives and to provide technological solutions to our problems in agriculture, energy, the environment and medicine. In order to fully realize this potential, we need to be able to control the synthesis of nanoparticles, the construction of nano-devices, and the characterization of materials on the nanoscale and to understand the effects of these things on environment and health.

Organic chemistry is the area of chemistry that compromise with compounds of carbon and hydrogen, alongside a modest bunch of different components basically oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, sulphur, and phosphorus Organic chemistry incorporates the ranges of organic synthesis, synthesis methods, reaction mechanisms and kinetics, and analytical methods such as chromatography (TLC, GC, HPLC), and structure determination and spectroscopic methods such as NMR and IR. It also includes organometallic chemistry, investigation of carbon-based compounds that contain metals and more generally that contain elements other than the few specified previously. Methods of organic chemistry are vigorously utilized as a part of polymer science, materials science, medicinal chemistry and natural product chemistry.

Physical Chemistry is the application of physical principles and measurements to understand the properties of matter, as well as for the development of new technologies for the environment, energy and medicine. Advanced Physical Chemistry topics include different spectroscopic methods (Raman, ultrafast and mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic and electron paramagnetic resonance, x-ray absorption and atomic force microscopy) as well as theoretical and computational tools to provide atomic-level understanding for applications such as: Nano devices for bio-detection and receptors, interfacial chemistry of catalysis and implants, electron and proton transfer, protein function, photosynthesis and airborne particles in the atmosphere. It also provides the basis of modern methods of analysis, the determination of structure, and the elucidation of the manner in which chemical reactions occur. To do all this, it draws on two of the great foundations of modern physical science, thermodynamics and quantum mechanics.

Polymer science is a so pervasive and relevant discipline in the contemporary scenario that it is unnecessary to spend much word to emphasize its role. As a matter of fact, it has been proposed to designate our time as the polymer age, to mark its distinction from previous mankind eras dominated by a series of diverse materials (the stone, the bronze, the iron ages) and to remark that our lifestyle would be hardly conceivable without polymers. The advent and the global scale establishment of the polymer technology have shaped the world around us and has profoundly changed its perspectives, as it occurs for any revolutionary technology. Despite the astonishing achievements we have witnessed along the years, many exciting challenges remain to be faced; these are well worth to tackle because of their impact on our everyday life: examples include green polymer chemistry, environmental pollution issues, polymers for energy storage and delivery, polymers for the human health.

Industrial Chemistry is part of applied chemistry that deals with the development, optimization and monitoring of fundamental chemical processes used in industry to produce chemicals and chemical products. The main areas of research and teaching are on the catalyst and process development, mechanical and thermal unit operations and process of chemical reaction engineering. The Chemical Technology enables efficient production of basic, intermediate and end products.

Industrial chemists make use of their broad understanding of chemistry and environmental sustainability in areas like pharmaceutical companies, polymer manufacturing, petrochemical processing, food science, and manufacturing industries.

Biodiversity the diversity of living forms has attracted a great deal of interest and concern since biological resources constitute an asset with a great deal of immediate as well as potential benefits for the quality of life. The decline in biodiversity is largely due to human activities such as drastic transformation of natural landscapes and deforestation. These phenomena cause a serious threat to sustainable development.  At present in many industrialized nations, fifty per cent of all prescribed drugs are derived or synthesized from natural products, the only available sources are animals, marine, plants, and micro-organisms. It is considered that the structural and biological diversity of their constituents offer a unique and renewable resource for discovering of potential new drugs and biological entities. Medicinal Chemistry research on extracts from plants and other living organisms that lead to the discovery of new therapeutic agents can also be an important factor towards maintaining of biodiversity.